ECG Basics

Learn the ECG from the cell up.

Thirteen short lessons, from one heart cell's action potential to a full 12-lead read. Every strip is drawn from the same engine that runs the live simulator, so you can open any example and watch it move.

From cell to trace

  1. LESSON 01

    How a heart muscle cell fires

    The five phases of the ventricular action potential, which currents drive them, and why a cell cannot fire again straight away.

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  2. LESSON 02

    Why the heart beats by itself

    Pacemaker cells drift up to threshold on their own. Phase 4 slope sets the rate, and the autonomic nervous system tilts it.

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  3. LESSON 03

    From cells to the surface ECG

    Why a wave moving toward an electrode points up, what P, QRS and T stand for, and why the normal T wave is upright.

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Reading the paper

  1. LESSON 04

    The grid and calibration

    What one small box and one large box mean in time and voltage, and how to check speed and gain before reading anything.

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  2. LESSON 05

    Waves, segments and intervals

    P, PR, QRS, ST, T and QT: where each one starts and ends, and the adult values most references use.

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  3. LESSON 06

    Three ways to count heart rate

    The 300 rule, the 1500 rule and the 6-second count, with a live check against engine strips.

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  4. LESSON 07

    Regular, or not?

    Regular, regularly irregular and irregularly irregular rhythms, read from RR intervals.

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Leads, axis and conduction

  1. LESSON 08

    The 12 leads and what they see

    Ten electrodes, twelve viewpoints: limb leads in the frontal plane, chest leads in the horizontal plane, and which leads face which wall.

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  2. LESSON 09

    Electrical axis in two leads

    Estimate the frontal-plane QRS axis from leads I and aVF, then refine it with lead II.

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  3. LESSON 10

    PR interval and AV block

    First-degree delay, Mobitz I, Mobitz II and complete block, told apart by what the P waves do.

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  4. LESSON 11

    Narrow vs wide QRS: bundle branch block

    Why a blocked bundle widens the QRS, and how V1 and V6 separate right from left bundle branch block.

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  5. LESSON 12

    ST segment and QT

    Reading ST elevation by territory with reciprocal change, and why a long QTc matters.

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  6. LESSON 13

    A repeatable nine-step read

    One order to read every ECG so that nothing gets skipped, with a live rhythm to practise on for each step.

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